benchmark arXiv Apr 17, 2026 · 4w ago
Chaoshuo Zhang, Yibo Liang, Mengke Tian et al. · Xi’an Jiaotong University · CISPA Helmholtz Center for Information Security
Benchmark evaluating compositional safety vulnerabilities in text-to-image models when benign concepts combine to create unsafe outputs
Input Manipulation Attack visiongenerative
Despite the remarkable synthesis capabilities of text-to-image (T2I) models, safeguarding them against content violations remains a persistent challenge. Existing safety alignments primarily focus on explicit malicious concepts, often overlooking the subtle yet critical risks of compositional semantics. To address this oversight, we identify and formalize a novel vulnerability: Multi-Concept Compositional Unsafety (MCCU), where unsafe semantics stem from the implicit associations of individually benign concepts. Based on this formulation, we introduce TwoHamsters, a comprehensive benchmark comprising 17.5k prompts curated to probe MCCU vulnerabilities. Through a rigorous evaluation of 10 state-of-the-art models and 16 defense mechanisms, our analysis yields 8 pivotal insights. In particular, we demonstrate that current T2I models and defense mechanisms face severe MCCU risks: on TwoHamsters, FLUX achieves an MCCU generation success rate of 99.52%, while LLaVA-Guard only attains a recall of 41.06%, highlighting a critical limitation of the current paradigm for managing hazardous compositional generation.
diffusion multimodal Xi’an Jiaotong University · CISPA Helmholtz Center for Information Security
ML Security Papers