Reiner N. Dizon-Paradis

Federated Learning (FL) is an emerging solution to the data scarcity problem for training deep learning models in hardware assurance. While FL is designed to enhance privacy by not sharing raw data, it remains vulnerable to Membership Inference Attacks (MIAs) that can leak sensitive intellectual property (IP). Traditional MIAs are often impractical in this domain because they require access to auxiliary datasets that can match the unique statistical properties of private data. This paper introduces a novel, data-free MIA targeting image segmentation models in FL for hardware assurance. Our methodology leverages Standard Cell Library Layouts (SCLLs) as priors to guide a gradient inversion attack, allowing an adversary to reconstruct images from a client's intercepted model update without needing any private data. We demonstrate that, by analyzing the reconstruction fidelity, an adversary can infer sensitive hardware characteristics, successfully distinguishing between circuit layers (e.g., metal vs. diffusion) and technology nodes (e.g., 32nm vs. 90nm). Our findings reveal that a novel loss term can conditionally amplify the attack's effectiveness by overcoming evaluation bottlenecks for structurally complex data. This work underscores a significant IP risk, challenging the assumption that FL provides inherent privacy guarantees and proving that severe information leakage can occur even without access to domain-specific datasets.

Federated Learning (FL) is a promising approach for multiparty collaboration as a privacy-preserving technique in hardware assurance, but its security against adversaries with domain-specific knowledge is underexplored. This paper demonstrates a critical vulnerability where available standard cell library layouts (SCLL) can be exploited to compromise the privacy of sensitive integrated circuit (IC) training data. We introduce DECIFR, a novel two-stage Membership Inference Attack (MIA) that requires no auxiliary dataset. The attack employs a guided Gradient Inversion Attack (GIA) to reconstruct a client's training images from intercepted model updates. Our findings reveal that the fidelity of these reconstructions directly correlates with membership status, allowing an adversary to reliably distinguish members from non-members based on image quality. This work exposes a practical threat that overcomes the limitations of conventional attacks and underscores that standard FL protocols are insufficient for securing domains with extensive knowledge. We conclude that robust defenses are essential for the secure application of FL in hardware assurance.